Automated finishing and polishing technology for cast iron parts

How to deburr, descale, polish, brighten the cast iron parts?

Items cast from molten iron are collectively called cast iron parts. Due to the influence of the manufacturing process, defects such as pores, pinholes, slag inclusions, cracks, pits, rust spots, burrs, and flash often occur. Do you know how to automatically remove burrs, flash, rust and scale, and polish and brighten cast iron parts? In this case, we will share the process technology and methods of deburring, derusting and descaling, and polishing brightness of an electric hardware used in the power industry – steel foot cast iron parts. This polishing process solution is also applicable to the surface polishing of other hard metal casting parts.

    • jerrylu
    • 2024-06-03
    • 0 Comments

     

deburring, derusting, descaling, polishing, brightening effect of precision bearing steel casting iron feet

1. Cast iron steel feet before polishing
The surface burrs and oxide scale of cast iron feet before polishing

Materials:

cast iron

Appearance:

thick oxide skin on the surface

Shape:

barbell-shaped iron castings

Size:

40*200MM

Pre-polishing process:

rolling

Post-polishing process:

galvanizing

2. Finishing and polishing requirements
  • deburring, descaling
  • smooth, bright surface, no burrs, no oxide scale
3. Cast iron steel foot polishing process details:
Process steps （1） rough finishing of deburring, descaling （2） fine polishing （3） vibratory dryer
Machinery and equipment vibratory finishing machine vibratory finishing machine vibratory dryer
Speed highest highest highest
Tumbling media Angle cut cylinder ceramic media Spherical stainless steel media corn cob polishing media
Abrasive media to workpiece ratio 4：1 6：1 8：1
Finishing and polishing compound finishing liquid polishing liquid no
Water appropriate amount，the liquid level does not exceed the tumbling media appropriate amount，the liquid level does not exceed the tumbling media no
Polishing time 60 minutes 30 minutes 15 minutes
Remark parts separated and picked up automatically, rinsed with water parts separated and picked up automatically, rinsed with water vibratory drying
4. Cast iron feet after finishing and polishing
deburring, descaling, polishing, brightening of steel foot cast iron parts

rough finishing

steel foot cast iron parts after finishing and polishing

after fine finishing and polishing

5. Additional instructions
  • Cast iron parts are generally medium-to-large product components, and most of the surface treatments are done by sandblasting and shot blasting. However, this product is small in size and large in quantity, with a daily output of several tons. In order to improve efficiency and surface treatment quality, a vibratory finisher is used with heavy-cutting-force angle cut cylinder tumbling media for rough finishing. The sharp edge of the ceramic media can reach into grooves, corners, and gaps to remove burrs and oxide layers.
    For brightening polishing, a general-purpose vibratory polishing machine is used. The polishing media is made of stainless steel ball specially designed for polishing brightness, which can improve the surface brightness and achieve a shiny effect.
  • In order to improve the anti-rust and anti-corrosion performance of the product after water treatment, it is immersed in a anti-rust liquid for anti-rust treatment after polishing. Finally, a vibrating dryer is used to dry the surface moisture and dry it.

6. Final summary
  • In this case, we demonstrated the process of deburring, descaling, derusting, polishing, brightening of a steel foot of cast iron product using a polishing machine.
  • If you need professional technical support for the following polishing issues of cast steel parts, you can refer to the above cases:
    Polishing of cast iron parts
    How long does it usually take to polish cast iron parts
    Methods for deburring cast iron parts
    Automation of deburring cast iron parts
    Rust removal of cast iron parts
    How to remove rust from cast iron
    How to remove oxide scale from cast iron parts
    What are the methods for removing rust from cast iron parts
    How to remove rust from cast iron parts
    Polishing of cast iron parts
    Polishing of castings
    How to polish iron products
    Polishing and finishing of cast iron
    Polishing process of cast iron
    How to remove burrs from iron parts
    Descaling of castings
    Polishing process of cast iron
    What are the methods and techniques for polishing castings
    Polishing technology of pig iron
    Polishing process of electric hardware

The descaling, polishing, brightening process of motorcycle pedal starter lever

How to polish the motorcycle pedal starter lever?

In this case, we will discuss the finishing and polishing process of descaling and deburring from a high-hardness forged iron motorcycle starter rod.

    • jerrylu
    • 2024-06-03
    • 0 Comments

     

motorcycle parts, starter levers, starter rod, deburring, descaling, polishing, brightening effect

1. Motorcycle starter lever before polishing
motorcycle parts, starter levers, starter rod, deburring, descaling, polishing, brightening before

Material:

Pig iron forgings

Apparance:

oxide scales and burrs

Shape:

S-shaped curve

Size:

300*7mm

Pre-polishing process:

Pig iron forging.

Post polishing process:

Finished or electroplated.

2. Requirements for finishing and polishing
  • The surface is smooth and burr-free.
  • Remove surface oxide scale.
  • Reduce surface roughness, increase gloss, and improve brightness.
3. Details of the finishing, polishing, deburring and descaling process for motorcycle parts (starter lever, starter rod, spark lever)
Process steps （1） Coarse finishing to remove burrs and scale （2） Fine polishing （3） Drying
Machine and Equipment Vibratory bowl Finishing Machine Vibratory bowl Finishing Machine Vibratory Dryer
Amplitude and speed highest and full speed highest and full speed highest and full speed
Tumbling Media angle cut cylinder ceramic deburring media ballcone stainless steel media corn cob polishing media
Abrasive to workpiece ratio 6：1 6：1 8：1
Finishing compound finishing liquid polishing liquid No
Water Appropriate amount, the liquid level should not exceed the tumbling media Appropriate amount, the liquid level should not exceed the tumbling media No
Finishing time 4 hours 30 minutes 30 minutes
Remark parts separated and picked up automatically, rinsed with water parts separated and picked up automatically, rinsed with water dry the water and wipe away the water stains
4. Effect after finishing and polishing
Rough deburring and descaling of motorcycle parts, starter levers, starter rod

deburring and descaling of forging motorcycle starter lever

Fine polishing and brightening of motorcycle parts, starter levers, starter rod

polishing and brightening of forging motorcycle starter lever

5. Additional information
  • Because the motorcycle starter lever accessories are made of pig iron forgings and the material is very hard, ceramic media with heavy cutting force is used to roughly remove scale and burrs. In order to fully finish the corners of the parts or the toothed inner wall of the inner ring, the shape of the ceramic media is a chamfered cylindrical tumbling deburring media, and the smooth curve of the cylinder itself can have a smooth surface on the starting rod. Smoother polishing effect. It should be noted that if the starting rod is made of aluminum forgings, then our tumbling finishing media cannot use ceramic media, but needs to use softer materialResin media (also called plastic media).
  • These motorcycle parts are not afraid of hitting each other, so in order to improve the screening efficiency, the finishing machine uses the vibrating bowl finisher with separator.
  • Iron workpieces are easily oxidized again when exposed to water and air. Therefore, we need to dry the water immediately after finishing and polishing.

6. Final summary
  • In this case, we demonstrate the process of deburring and descaling on the surface of a forged motorcycle workpiece, also called a starter lever, starter rod, and spark lever, and further improving the surface gloss and brightness.
  • This process is also suitable for polishing parts and components such as automobiles, bicycles, fishing gear, pumps and valves, sewing machines, equipment and tooling produced from forged iron.

What is a parts deburring machine?

About Parts Deburring Machine

  • 1．What is the parts deburring machine?
  • Are you looking for a polishing process method on how to remove burrs quickly? ShineTec’s parts deburring machine is a automatic small deburring machine, also called a workpiece finishing machine. It is specially used for machining, precision molds, auto parts, aerospace, medical equipment, mechanical parts, and plastics products, 3C digital, metal casting, electronic devices, hardware parts, kitchen supplies, 3D printing, textile workpieces, powder metallurgy, electrical components, minting, jewelry, instrumentation, handicraft accessories and other industries product parts and workpieces. It is a professional tool for deburring, deflashing, descaling, chamfering and other surfaces treatment in large quantities and efficiently, and performs automated finishing processing.
    ShineTec's parts deburring machine
  • 2. What are the advantages of a parts deburring machine compared to manual deburring?
  • In an era of automation and intelligence, are you still looking for manual deburring methods? Let us recommend to you this large-volume, high-efficiency automatic deburring and polishing process. Its comparative advantages over manual deburring are as follows:

    2.1 Compared with manual deburring, the efficiency can be improved dozens of times. Using some large-scale deburring and polishing machines, hundreds or even thousands of kilograms of material can be fed at one time, and all can be completed within dozens of minutes or hours. This processing efficiency is incomparable to manual polishing.

    2.2 The surface effect after deburring is uniform and controllable. The quality of manual deburring and polishing depends on the personal skill level of the worker. Some products may have clean burrs, while others may still have some residue. The surface quality of each product is different. Sometimes it may also cause product damage, resulting in a relatively high scrap rate.

    2.3 The running costs of parts deburring machines are extremely low. The one-time purchase cost of the machine starts from a few thousand dollars, and it can generally be used for many years. The choice of ordinary abrasive media depends on the actual conditions of the product parts that need to be processed, and the price ranges from a few dollars per kilogram to more than ten dollars, buying a few hundred kilograms at a time can usually take several months. The amount of finishing liquid is very small and the cost is almost negligible.
    Ordinary models can feed dozens of kilograms of workpieces at a time, and the deburring time for a batch is generally 30-60 minutes. The direct cost of finishing and polishing when evenly distributed to each product is minimal.
    On the other hand, in terms of saving labor costs, the advantages of automatic parts deburring machines are even greater. As long as workers need to handle it when loading and unloading materials, the machine can be operated unattended, which greatly saves labor costs.

    2.4 In addition to the automatic deburring function, ShineTec’s parts deburring machine can also perform surface treatment technology of descaling, derusting, cleaning, chamfering, degreasing, decontaminating, brightening, burnishing, etc., powerful functions and wide applicability.

  • 3．Can you tell me how the parts deburring machine deburrs?
  • In order to solve the problems of low efficiency, low quality and high labor cost of manual deburring, ShineTec’s parts deburring machine is an automatic finishing and polishing machine. The main operating principle is to use a dedicated Tumbling Deburring Media are mixed with the product workpiece, an appropriate amount of water and chemical finishing liquid in a certain proportion, and put into the working barrel, mechanical movements such as vibrating, centrifugal high-speed rotation, disc rotation, and tumbling rolling rotation are used to rotate the abrasive media and the workpiece together in the barrel, and the cutting force of the abrasive surface is used to finish the burrs on the surface of the workpiece.

    There are four main product types of parts deburring machines. Each movement mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and is suitable for different finishing, polishing and deburring needs. Vibratory deburring is the most common process method. If you need to process large quantities every day, such as product workpieces of hundreds of kilograms or more, then choose a vibrating deburring machine. If you need to process some small precision parts, the quantity is within tens of kilograms, the centrifugal barrel deburring process is the most suitable method. If you are looking for the fastest deburring process, then centrifugal disc deburring is the fastest polishing method. If you want to find the cheapest, lowest cost deburring process, go for the tumbling barrel deburring method.

    Working principle of parts deburring machine
  • 4. What types of parts deburring machines are available from ShineTec?
  • According to different operating modes, parts deburring machines are divided into the following four types:

    4.1 Vibratory Deburring Machine. It is a general-purpose deburring machine. The spiral vibration method is used to drive the deburring media and the workpiece to move together to achieve the vibration deburring effect.

    4.2 Centrifugal Barrel Deburring Machine. It is suitable for rapid deburring of precision parts and components. It is similar to the operation of a Ferris wheel. The motor drives the large centrifugal disk to rotate, allowing the four barrels on the disk to rotate at high speed, driving the deburring media and the workpiece to move together to achieve the centrifugal deburring effect.

    4.3 Centrifugal Disc Deburring Machine. It is the fastest deburring equipment. The chassis drives the barrel to rotate at high speed on the horizontal plane. The deburring media and workpiece also tumble and rotate in the barrel to achieve the disc deburring effect.

    4.4 Tumbling Barrel Deburring Machine. It is the simplest structure and the lowest cost deburring method. The barrel rolls around the central axis, and the deburring media in the barrel rolls together with the workpiece to achieve the tumbling deburring effect.

  • 5. How much does a parts deburring machine cost?
  • The price of the machine ranges from several thousand to tens of thousands. The price of deburring media generally costs around a few thousand dollars for an initial order of several hundred kilograms. Such an automatic deburring and polishing solution can be said to be quite economical.
    However, the economic benefits brought by using a automatic parts deburring machine are very high. If your products still use manual finishing and polishing, we can conduct a calculation of the processing cost to see how much our workpiece deburring and polishing machine can save you.

  • 6. What kind of abrasive media do parts deburring machines use?
  • Because our parts deburring machines can be used to handle a variety of surface treatment process requirements, the tumbling finishing media provided are divided into three types: rough finishing, fine finishing and polishing:

    6.1 Ceramic tumbling media for rough finishing, mainly include Ceramic Deburring Media, Resin Finishing Media , divided into heavy cutting force, medium cutting force and light cutting force.

    6.2 Fine finishing media, include white corundum finishing media, chrome corundum finishing media, 3P finishing media, etc., because the grit size of the micropowder contained in it is very fine, some of which are nearly 2000-3000 mesh, it can continuously perform micro-cutting on the surface of the workpiece to form a more delicate surface roughness.

    6.3 Tumbling polishing media include high alumina porcelain polishing media, high-density porcelain polishing media (high-alumina porcelain media with an alumina content of more than 95%), stainless steel polishing media, Walnut shell polishing media, corn cob polishing media and so on. The main purpose is to improve the gloss and brightness of the workpiece surface.

  • 7．What kind of parts deburring machine is a good and qualified machine?
  • To measure whether a parts deburring machine is qualified or not, it mainly depends on the quality of the raw materials used and the quality control during the production and manufacturing process.

    7.1 Quality assurance of raw materials. Because the PU lining in the working barrel of the machine is a wearing part and needs to be replaced regularly, the wear resistance of the PU lining is a key quality indicator. The raw materials of our PU come from American Dow Chemical products, and the quality can be guaranteed.

    7.2 Reliable motor quality. The motor used in the parts deburring machine is a key component related to product quality. Our motors, including vertical vibrating motors, speed-regulating motors, and three-phase asynchronous motors, all come from well-known professional motor manufacturers such as Wuxi and Shanghai, and their quality is reliably guaranteed.

    7.3 Electrical accessories. All are purchased from domestic first-tier manufacturers such as Chint and Delixi.

    7.4 Steel plate profiles. Purchased from Shanghai Baosteel Products.

    7.5 Manufacturing process guarantee. Product production is controlled by skilled workers with many years of front-line production experience, adhering to the spirit of craftsmanship to ensure product quality.
    We are a deburring machine manufacturer in Huzhou, Zhejiang. If you don’t know which company in Huzhou produces the best parts deburring machine, in other words, where can I find the most professional parts deburring machine in Huzhou? You might as well take a look at our ShineTec products to learn more about them.

  • 8. What kind of workpiece can be finished by the parts deburring machine?
  • The parts deburring machine is a professional, mechanical automatic polishing equipment, which can be called a finishing artifact. Compared with manual deburring and polishing, this is a highly efficient automatic deburring equipment that can deburr hundreds of kilograms of workpieces. The products can be finished and polished in batches at one time, which may only take dozens of minutes.

    This automatic finishing machine is especially good at deburring products with irregular and complex shapes, including some cross holes, dead corners, gaps, and some hard-to-reach parts of the inner wall.
    The materials of workpiece range from non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, powder metallurgy, plastics, acrylic, rubber, bamboo, stone, glass and other materials. It can be said that there is almost no material that cannot be processed.
    If you have the need to deburr mechanical parts, don’t know how to quickly deburr, and are looking for an automatic deburring machine for workpieces, then you can learn more about our automatic deburring machine from ShineTec, compare the product quality and professional performance with others.

    Effect after deburring structural parts
    Effect after deburring stainless steel products
  • 9. What are the differences between different types of parts deburring machines?
  • According to different operating modes, automatic deburring machines are divided into the following four types:

    9.1 Vibratory deburring machine. It is a general-purpose finishing machine. The spiral vibrating method is used to drive the tumbling finishing media and the workpiece to move together to achieve the deburring, polishing effect.

    9.2 Centrifugal barrel deburring machine. It is suitable for rapid deburring of precision parts. It is similar to the operation of a Ferris wheel. The motor drives the large centrifugal disk to rotate, allowing the four barrels on the disk to rotate at high speed, driving the abrasive and the workpiece to move together to achieve the deburring and polishing effect.

    9.3 Centrifugal disc deburring machine. It is the fastest deburring equipment. The chassis drives the barrel to rotate at high speed on the horizontal plane. The abrasive media and workpiece also tumble and rotate in the barrel to achieve the deburring and polishing effect.

    9.4 Tumbling barrel deburring machine. It is the simplest structure and the lowest cost deburring method. The barrel rolls around the central axis, and the tumbling media in the barrel rolls together with the workpiece to achieve the finishing, polishing effect.

    9.5 Processing capability. We compare according to the largest models in their respective categories. The vibrating deburring machine can process tons of products at a time. The largest barrel deburring machine can also achieve such processing capabilities. The centrifugal disc deburring machine can reach 1-200 kg, the centrifugal barrel deburring machine can handle about 2-300 kg. Taking into account the processing time required for a complete batch, the processing capacity can be arranged in the following order: vibratory finisher > tumbling barrel finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > centrifugal disc finisher.

    9.6 Machine noise. vibratory finisher > centrifugal disc finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > tumbling barrel finisher.

    9.7 Deburring time. centrifugal disc finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > vibratory finisher > tumbling barrel finisher.

    9.8 Deburring cost. centrifugal disc finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > vibratory finisher > tumbling barrel finisher.

    9.9 Cutting force. centrifugal disc finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > tumbling barrel finisher > vibratory finisher.

  • 10. What kind of daily maintenance can extend the service life of the parts deburring machine?
  • As a manufacturer of automatic deburring machines, we recommend the following daily maintenance measures:

    10.1 Before each start-up, should the overall appearance of the machine be checked for damage? Is the foot position stable? Is there any abnormal noise during operation?

    10.2 Depending on the model, do you regularly check whether the spring of the machine is broken? Are there any cracks in the casing? Does the tension of the transmission chain, synchronous belt, and sprocket match? Is the lining gel damaged? Is there any water leakage from the sealing cover?

    10.3 The motor needs to be lubricated every month. Are there any signs of aging and failure of the electrical components? Is the copper wire of the electric wire exposed?

    10.4 Operate within the rated load capacity of the machine and do not overload it. Generally, the material loading capacity of the entire machine should not exceed 70% of the total load capacity of the machine.

  • 11. How to buy a parts deburring machine?
  • Before ordering, you need to send samples for process testing. If you are satisfied with the results, please refer to the following steps to confirm your ordering requirements:

    11.1 Power requirements. Our parts deburring machine requires 380V/3-phase/50Hz industrial power and is not suitable for civilian 220V/2-phase power. Special requests need to be confirmed in advance.

    11.2 Processing capability requirements. First estimate the quantity of your product that needs to be processed every day, your shift schedule, and confirm the machine model based on the process plan.

    11.3 Your product parts size. The workpiece within 300mm can be processed by all models, but the vibrating finisher is the most commonly used deburring equipment. For workpieces that are too long, a rectangular tub-shaped vibrating deburring machine is needed. Some small-sized precision parts require the use of a centrifugal barrel finisher. For workpieces within 100mm that need to be quickly deburred, a centrifugal disc finisher is the best choice. No afraid of deformation or bumping. Use a barrel tumbling finisher for thin workpieces within 300mm in length that are easy to adsorb to each other.

    11.3 Selection of deburring media. According to the effect of the sample, select the appropriate abrasive media, cutting strength, shape, and size.

    11.4 Wear resistance of tumbling media. Different cutting strength, shape, and size determine the different wear resistance properties of abrasive media when used. Tumbling media with heavy cutting force have smaller wear resistance than media with light cutting force due to the large grit size of corundum sand contained. The larger the product, the longer it will last and the more wear-resistant it will be. There are also different shapes with different wear resistance. For example, shapes such as spheres and cylinders are more durable than triangles and tri-star shapes.

    11.5 Finishing time. The deburring efficiency of each model is different. You should choose the appropriate model based on your production shift schedule, product output, and batch processing time requirements for finishing and polishing.

    11.6 The working intensity. The bowl of the vibrating deburring machine is open, making it easy to load materials; the centrifugal disc type is similar and easy to load and unload; the centrifugal barrel type has a smaller working barrel and a smaller opening, so it takes more time to load and unload. The opening of the tumbling barrel is also small, and the loading and unloading of materials is relatively slow; the overall labor intensity and loading and unloading time are stronger than the centrifugal disc/barrel type.

    If you want to buy a metal deburring machine, precision parts deburring machine, gear deburring machine, laser cutting deburring machine, plastic product deburring machine, ShineTec’s workpiece deburring and polishing machine should be able to meet your requirements.

  • 12. How to improve the finishing efficiency of parts deburring machine?
  • Some precautions during actual use can help improve the efficiency of the automatic deburring and polishing machine.

    12.1 Reasonable ratio of abrasive media to workpiece. The reasonable ratio of the two when loading and feeding is the key factor affecting the finishing and polishing efficiency. The most commonly used ratio is 3:1 abrasive to workpiece. Please refer to the table below to determine your usage:

    Abrasive media to workpiece volume ratio Typical application
    0 : 1 No tumbling media, self-finishing and polishing, such as some decorative stones for handicrafts.
    1 : 1 The same proportion of abrasive media and parts such as forgings, castings, etc., with very rough surfaces.
    2 : 1 Gentle finishing, allowing workpieces to collide with each other.
    3 : 1 Minimum ratio for finishing copper, aluminum, zinc and other non-ferrous metal workpieces. The workpieces may collide with each other, so the ratio is suitable for grinding and polishing ferrous metals.
    4 : 1 The ratio of non-ferrous metal workpieces with average efficiency. High polishing efficiency ratio for ferrous metal parts.
    5 : 1 More suitable for finishing non-ferrous metal parts. Workpieces rarely collide with each other.
    6 : 1 Suitable for finishing of non-ferrous metal products. Commonly used for pre-plating treatment with resin media and aluminum and zinc alloy workpieces.
    8 : 1 Suitable for finishing of non-ferrous metals or precision parts. Less surface roughness and smoothness.
    10:1~20:1 Better finishing quality. Suitable for irregular shapes or fragile workpieces.
    Maximizing No collision between workpieces. One machine polishes one part or each workpiece needs to be separated.


    12.2 Loading capacity. Too much or too little loading will affect the finishing efficiency of the machine. Please do not feed materials at 100% full load or less than 50%. Generally, the overall volume of the material after loading does not exceed 70% of the barrel volume, and the water surface does not exceed 80% of the barrel volume.

    12.3 Amount of finishing compound liquid. Too little dosage will definitely not play the role of the additive in accelerating grinding. Too much dosage will produce a large amount of foam, which will pollute the environment, and on the other hand, it will block the tumbling and rotating motion of the abrasive media and the workpiece, reducing the grinding efficiency.

    12.4 Suitable machine operating speed. This is a process that requires long-term experience accumulation. Polishing efficiency depends on the material and size of the tumbling media used, the amount of water and chemical compound added, and the running speed of the machine. Too little material input and high-speed machine operation speed will cause over-grinding of the product, affecting the overall size, accuracy or chamfering degree. Excessive material input and too low machine speed will cause insufficient movement of the workpiece inside the abrasive media, reduce cutting strength, and affect efficiency.

  • 13．How long does it take to deburr a workpiece with a parts deburring machine?
  • There are three factors that determine the finishing time it takes to a hardware deburring tumbler:

    13.1 The material and surface condition of the workpiece. The length, thickness, and location of burrs, flash, and sharp edges will all affect the processing time. In addition, the harder the workpiece is, the longer it will take. On the contrary, the softer the workpiece will be, the shorter the time will be.

    13.2 The choicing of polishing machines. Generally speaking, compared by finishing speed, centrifugal disc finisher > centrifugal barrel finisher > vibratory finisher > tumbling barrel finisher.

    13.3 The capacity of the machine. The larger the capacity of the machine, the greater the friction process between the abrasive media and the workpiece, and the faster the desired effect can be achieved.

  • 14. Is the parts deburring machine safe?
  • Compared with polishing processes such as angle grinders, belt sanders, or chemical finishing used for manual polishing, the parts deburring machine is the most secure.
    As long as you follow regular daily maintenance and pay more attention to whether the power cord is broken or the copper wire is exposed, the machine will be safe for daily use.
    Wastewater will be produced during the deburring process, which can be recycled and will not affect the environment. Therefore, there are no safety issues in environmental protection.

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